What is the function of an access control list (ACL)?

An access control list (ACL) serves as a critical security mechanism that specifies permissions for accessing an object, such as files, directories, or network resources. By outlining which users or systems are permitted to interact with the object and defining the allowed operations (like read, write, or execute), ACLs help enforce security protocols within computing environments. This structured control ensures that only authorized individuals can access sensitive data or system functionalities, thereby minimizing the risk of unauthorized access and potential breaches.

The other options address different aspects of security or management. Defining security policies for network access involves broader strategies beyond just ACLs, while managing software licenses focuses on compliance and legal usage rather than direct access permissions. Logging user activity pertains to monitoring for suspicious behavior and is separate from the specific function of controlling access permissions that ACLs provide. Thus, the primary role of an ACL is clearly centered on specifying access rights for individuals or systems to various resources.